[133], South Africa has a high rape rate, with 43,195 rapes reported in 2014/15, and an unknown number of sexual assaults going unreported. dbpedia-fr:Championnat_d'Afrique_du_Sud_de_football_2012-2013 dbpedia-fr :South_Africa_rugby_sevens_2007 dbpedia-fr :Championnat_du_monde_junior_de_rugby_à_XV_2012 Le voyage en Afrique du Sud est un périple hors du commun. Afrique du Sud Elon Musk : le gosse de Pretoria devenu l’homme le plus riche du monde. [45] Vrijburgers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as Boers, with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as trekboers. [226] In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS. Wikipedia på fransk har ein artikkel om: Afrique du Sud. [178] Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading. [38] Representatives of the British East India Company did call sporadically at the Cape in search of provisions as early as 1601, but later came to favour Ascension Island and St. Helena as alternative ports of refuge. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl and Barrydale.[235]. South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade, such as in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Comoros, and Zimbabwe. With the exception of that of Barnard, all of these advancements were recognised with Nobel Prizes. L’apartheid en vigueur à partir de 1948 a été aboli en 1991. - Meilleure saison sur l'ensemble du pays : mai-juin (automne austral), et octobre-novembre (printemps austral). 1,575 were here. [149] In recent years, the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa,[150] and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the DRC,[150] and Burundi,[150] amongst others. South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.[237]. South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. With approval from the white electorate in a 1992 referendum, the government continued negotiations to end apartheid. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences. The region further north is known as Namaqualand,[96] which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the Orange River. This area is popularly known as the Garden Route. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. It has been classified by the World Bank as a newly industrialised country, with the second-largest economy in Africa, and the 33rd-largest in the world. Afrique du Sud. Former president, FW de Klerk, maintained that South Africa had "never conducted a clandestine nuclear test. [13] According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa (16.0%). Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. In 1990, the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the ANC and other political organisations. According to computer-generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute,[115] parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about 1 °C (1.8 °F) along the coast to more than 4 °C (7.2 °F) in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. At 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi),[83] according to the UN Demographic Yearbook,[84] South Africa is the 24th-largest country in the world. [188] South Africa is home to an estimated five million illegal immigrants, including some three million Zimbabweans. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire, and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction. [151] South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons programme in the 1970s[151] According to former state president FW de Klerk, the decision to build a "nuclear deterrent" was taken "as early as 1974 against a backdrop of a Soviet expansionist threat. South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 and rejoined it only in 1994. The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. It also has a relatively high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa (US$11,750 at purchasing power parity as of 2012). The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. The Cape Floral Region, being identified as one of the global biodiversity hotspots, will be hit very hard by climate change. ", "Sack SA Health Minister – world's AIDS experts", "Situation Analysis. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. [89] This is hotter, drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment. The largest city is Johannesburg. The sites include Sterkfontein, one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world. [213] Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling. They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions. [214] High school education spans a further five years. L’Afrique du Sud est ainsi devenue une nation démocratique et multiraciale. (1984). The United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) of South Africa fell from 1995 to 2005, while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s,[73] before recovering its 1995 peak in 2013. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, Rio do Infante, probably the present-day Groot River, in May 1488, but on his return he saw the Cape, which he first named Cabo das Tormentas (Cape of Storms). There are several species of water-storing succulents, like aloes and euphorbias, in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. In the first quarter of 2011, confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of 84% in a Professional Provident Society (PPS) survey. [127] Middle-class South Africans seek security in gated communities. The fynbos biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape floristic region, one of the six floral kingdoms, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity. Despite this, South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment, and is also ranked in the top ten countries in the world for income inequality,[157][158][159] measured by the Gini coefficient. [105] It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006. [63] Queen Elizabeth II lost the title Queen of South Africa, and the last Governor-General, Charles Robberts Swart, became State President. The scattered tribes of Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. Rivières du Sud (English: Southern Rivers) was a French colonial division in West Africa, roughly corresponding to modern coastal sections of Guinea.While the designation was used from the 18th to 20th century, the administrative division only existed from 1882-1891. L'Afrique du Sud, Paris, ditions Karthala, 1998, 213 p. MAJDOUB, Farida. The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. Les Pauline 15,467 views. Qui aurait pensé que l’Afrique du Sud parviendrait à chasser ses vieux démons et retrouverait la voie de la paix civile et de la respectabilité ? [citation needed] Most of the plants are evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the sclerophyllous plants. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[14][15][13] to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (former Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão (Cape Cross, north of the bay). [169], During 1995–2003, the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased; overall unemployment worsened. The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.[112]. Le dimanche 7 février 2021, le nombre total de cas est de 1 473 700, le nombre de guérisons est de 1 340 497, le nombre de décès est de 46 180 Le taux de mortalité est de 3,13%, le taux de guérison est de 90,96% et le taux de personnes encore malade est de 5,91% It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years' serving a sentence for sabotage. This varied topography and oceanic influence result in a great variety of climatic zones. Mike Tyson - The Hardest Puncher in Boxing Ever! According to the 2011 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16.0%), and Afrikaans (13.5%). South Africa has won the Rugby World Cup three times, tying New Zealand for the most Rugby World Cup wins. The narrow coastal strip between the most seaward Cape Fold Mountain range (i.e., the Langeberg–Outeniqua mountains) and the ocean has a moderately high year-round rainfall, especially in the George-Knysna-Plettenberg Bay region, which is known as the Garden Route. [65] The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence. [138] The incidence of child and infant rape is among the highest in the world, largely as a result of the virgin cleansing myth, and a number of high-profile cases (sometimes as young as eight months)[138] have outraged the nation. Atlas of Southern Africa. [160], Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy. [20][21] However, crime, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town. Atlas of Southern Africa. Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. [97] The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures, but Buffelsfontein has colder extremes. There is great diversity in South African music. Eigennamn . The metropolitan municipalities, which govern the largest urban agglomerations, perform the functions of both district and local municipalities. To the north, the Great Karoo fades into the even drier and more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the Kalahari desert in the very north-west of the country. In 2004, the swimming team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Un routard pour louer avec vous une maison à l'autre bout de la terre ? Just like many other parts of the world, climate research showed that the real challenge in South Africa was more related to environmental issues more than developmental ones. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres (13 US gal) a day.[187]. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent history and politics. [220] The three dominant hospital groups, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare and Netcare, together control 75% of the private hospital market. Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948. White South Africans may also speak European languages, including Italian, Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch, German, and Greek, while some Indian South Africans speak Indian languages, such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. [209] South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004. Different methods of transport in South Africa include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. In 1878 and 1879 three British attacks were successfully repelled until Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and 10,000 Swazis. This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though only around 67,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to Israel. South Africa is a parliamentary republic, although unlike most such republics the President is both head of state and head of government, and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. In 1874, Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as the British High Commissioner to bring such plans into being. The guesthouse is 45 km southwest of Mokopane/Potgietersrus and is an ideal stopover en route to Botswana, Zimbabwe and the Kruger National Park. Hopp til navigering Hopp til søk. The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) but suffered heavy casualties through attrition; nonetheless, they were ultimately successful. [107] Ecotourism in South Africa has become more prevalent in recent years, as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another. The South African media sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. His King, John II, renamed the point Cabo da Boa Esperança, or Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of the East Indies. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship. L’éblouissement est total à Thanda (qui signifie « amour » en zoulou), magnifique réserve privée de … The organization urged the South African government to take immediate actions ensuring the safety of the foreign national truck drivers putting up with violence, harassment, intimidation, stoning, bombing, and shooting, by local truck drivers in the country.[181]. Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the Taung Child (found near Taung) in 1924. In the south-west corner of the country, the Cape Peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the Orange River. Sekhukhune managed to defeat the Transvaal army on 1 August 1876. L'Afrique du Sud est un pays d'Afrique australe, frontalier de la Namibie, du Botswana, du Zimbabwe, du Mozambique, de l'Eswatini et du Lesotho. In 1939, the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed. The white minority (less than 20%)[62] controlled the vastly larger black majority. South African popular musicians that have found international success include Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, and rock band Seether. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the braai, a variation of the barbecue. [100] This is a critical concern for South Africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to water resources. [166] Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land. Although football (soccer) commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, surfing and skateboarding are increasingly popular. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. South Africa's national cricket team, the Proteas, has also won the inaugural edition of the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating West Indies in the final. While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only one percent of South Africa is forest, almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal, where there are also areas of Southern Africa mangroves in river mouths. [223], A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS infection in South Africa is distinctly divided along racial lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive, whereas only 0.3% of whites have the disease. [74] This is in large part attributable to the South African HIV/AIDS pandemic which saw South African life expectancy fall from a high point of 62.25 years in 1992 to a low of 52.57 in 2005,[75] and the failure of the government to take steps to address the pandemic in its early years. For the geographical area, see, "Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the Antarctic") does, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. According to several surveys,[176][177] there has been a reverse in brain drain following the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 and expiration of foreign work contracts. [78] The targets were mainly legal and illegal migrants and refugees seeking asylum, but a third of the victims were South African citizens. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. With over 59 million people, it is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 square miles). Ultimately, FW de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel. Currently, South African hardwood trees like real yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), and South African black ironwood (Olea laurifolia) are under government protection. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago. [59], The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage natives controlled only seven percent of the country. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. The Bantu slowly moved south. English Translation of “Afrique du Sud” | The official Collins French-English Dictionary online. Dépistage aux frontières à l'arrivée en France à compter du 1er août, Les pays qui interdisent ou restreignent leur accès aux voyageurs français, Guy Fawkes Night (Bonfire Night ou Fireworks Night), Vous consentez à transmettre vos données à. ROUTARD.COM n'est pas une agence de réservation ni un voyagiste. On 31 May 1961, the country became a republic following a referendum (only open to white voters) which narrowly passed; the British-dominated Natal province largely voted against the proposal. [101] The most severe effect will be targeting the water supply, which has huge effects on the agriculture sector. [220] Only 16% of the population is covered by medical aid schemes. South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08", "Distribution of family income – Gini index", "South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor", "South Africa's economy: How it could do even better", "Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa", "African Countries of the Future 2013/14", "Inequality on scale found in SA bites like acid", "Black middle class boosts car sales in South Africa – Business – Mail & Guardian Online", "Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008", "Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain", "Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on South and Southern Africa", "South Africa's brain-drain generation returning home", "Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa", "The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa", "South Africa: Deadly Attacks on Foreign Truck Drivers", "SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office", "Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array", Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, "Professor Says Cape Town Crisis Should Serve as a 'Wakeup Call to All Major U.S. Cities, "Why Cape Town's drought was so hard to forecast", "The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town", "Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town – The New York Times", "Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs", "Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA", "Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 1, Section 6", "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government", "These are the most-spoken languages in South Africa in 2019", "Community Survey 2016: Provinces at a Glance", "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, Online Edition", "South Africa – Section I. Organiser son voyage en Afrique du Sud - avec ou sans agence ? 6:39. [147] The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the South African Army, the South African Air Force, the South African Navy, and the South African Military Health Service. [137] Rapes are also perpetrated by children (some as young as ten). Afrique du Sud. South Africa produced Formula One motor racing's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter. Some of the biggest SOEs are Eskom, the electric power monopoly, South African Airways (SAA), and Transnet, the railroad and ports monopoly. The most prevalent biome in South Africa is the grassland, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia trees, mainly camel-thorn (Vachellia erioloba). Après 27 années de détention, le prisonnier politique le plus célèbre du monde, Nelson Mandela, devenait le chef d’État le plus admiré de la planète. p. 113. HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan 2007–2011", "South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster", "The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee", "South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success", "South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more", Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Southern African Development Coordination Conference, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1005949775, Afrikaans-speaking countries and territories, English-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, States and territories established in 1910, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from May 2019, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Use South African English from September 2013, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Articles containing Northern Sotho-language text, Articles containing Southern Ndebele-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Pages using columns with the default column width, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Officially the Republic of China, participates as ", This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 06:22. In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, Shaka. The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was created in 1994,[147][148] as an all-volunteer military composed of the former South African Defence Force, the forces of the African nationalist groups (Umkhonto we Sizwe and Azanian People's Liberation Army), and the former Bantustan defence forces. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago. They displaced, conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers, the Khoikhoi and San peoples. To the north of Highveld, from about the 25° 30' S line of latitude, the plateau slopes downwards into the Bushveld, which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo lowlands or Lowveld.[87]. André Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season. The country rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations and became a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). [172] Restrictive labour regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise. Vous êtes maintenant abonné(e) aux alertes Routard pour cette destination ! It became the first country (followed by Ukraine) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991. South Africa is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union (SACU), Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), G20, G8+5, and the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa. [196] Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and Somalia (12,900). Tous les journaux sud-africains, articles, blogs, vidéos, télés, live ; actualités en continu. [227], After the 2009 general elections, former president Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment,[228] and by 2015, South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52.1 years to 62.5 years.[229]. [40] Upon their return to Holland, they reported favourably on the Cape's potential as a "warehouse and garden" for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages. The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa.